Irregular Verbs



Infinitivo Pasado     Pasado Participio        Significado
arise (aráis) arose (aróus) arisen (arísen) levantarse, surgir
awake (awéik) awoke (awóuk) awoken (awóuken) despertarse, 
bear (ber) bore (bor) born (born) aguantar, parir
beat (bíit) beat (bíit) beaten (bíiten) golpear, derrotar
become (bikám) became (bikéim) become (bikám) convertirse 
begin (biguín) began (bigáan) begun (bigán) empezar
bend (bend) bent (bent) bent (bent) doblar
bet (bet) bet (bet) bet (bet) apostar
bind (báind) bound (báund) bound (báund) atar, unir
bite (báit) bit (bit) bitten (bíten) morder, picar
bleed (blíid) bled (bled) bled (bled) sangrar
blow (blóu) blew (blú) blown (blown) soplar
break (bréik) broke (bróuk) broken (bróuken) romper
breed (bríid) bred (bred) bred (bred) criar, engendrar
bring (bring) brought (brot) brought (brot) traer
broadcast (brodkást) broadcast (brodkást) broadcast (brodkást) transmitir
build (bild) built (bilt) built (bilt) construir
burn (bern) Burnt (bernt) Burnt  (bernt) quemar
burst (berst) burst (berst) burst (berst) explotar
buy (bái) bought (bot) bought (bot) comprar
cast (kast) cast (kast) cast (kast) lanzar, 
catch (kach) caught (kot) caught (kot) atrapar, asir
choose (chúus) chose (chóus) chosen (chóusen) elegir
cling (kling) clung (klang) clung (klang) agarrarse
clothe (klóud) clad* (klad) clad* (klad) vestir, revestir
come (kam) came (kéim) come (kam) venir
cost (kost) cost (kost) cost (kost) costar
creep (kríip) crept (krept) crept (krept) gatear, arrastrarse
cut (kat) cut (kat) cut (kat) cortar
deal (díil) dealt (delt) dealt (delt) tratar con, repartir
dig (dig) dug (dag) dug (dag) cavar
dive (dáiv) dove* (dóuv) dived (dáivt) sumergirse, bucear
do (du) did (did) done (dan) hacer
draw (dróo) drew (dru) drawn (dróon) dibujar, extraer
dream (dríim) dreamt* (dremt) dreamt* (dremt) soñar
drink (drink) drank (draank) drunk (drank) beber
drive (dráiv) drove (dróuv) driven (dríven) conducir, 
dwell (duél) dwelt (duélt) dwelt (duélt) habitar, morar
eat (íit) ate (éit) eaten (íiten) comer
fall (fol) fell (fel) fallen (fólen) caer, caerse
feed (fíid) fed (fed) fed (fed) alimentar/se
feel (fíil) felt (felt) felt (felt) sentir/se, palpar
fight (fáit) fought (fot) fought (fot) pelear, combatir
find (fáund) found (fáund) found (fáund) encontrar
fit (fit) fit* (fit) fit* (fit) encajar, quedar bien
flee (flíi) fled (fled) fled (fled) huir, huir de
fling (fling) flung (flang) flung (flang) echar, arrojar
fly (flái) flew (flu) flown (flóun) volar
forbid (forbíd) forbade (forbéid) forbidden (forbíden) prohibir
forecast (forkást) forecast* (forkást) forecast* (forkást) pronosticar, preveer
foresee (forsíi) foresaw (forsó) foreseen (forsíin) preveer
foretell (fortél) foretold (fortóuld) foretold (fortóuld) predecir
forget (forguét) forgot (forgót) forgotten (forgóten) olvidar
forgive (forguív) forgave (forguéiv) forgiven (forguíven) perdonar
freeze (fríiss) froze (fróuss) frozen (fróussen) congelar
get (get) got (got) got/gotten (goten) conseguir, recibir
give (guív) gave (guéiv) given (guíven) dar
go (góu) went (went) gone (góon) ir
grow (gróu) grew (gru) grown (gróun) crecer, cultivar
handwrite (jand-ráit) handwrote (jand-róut) handwritten (jand-ríten) escribir a mano
hang (jáang) hung (jang) hung (jang) colgar
have (jáav) had (jáad) had (jáad) tener
hear (jíier) heard (jerd) heard (jerd) oír
hide (jáid) hid (jid) hidden (jíden) esconder/se
hit (jit) hit (jit) hit (jit) golpear, pegar
hold (jóuld) held (jeld) held (jeld) sostener, celebrar
hurt (jert) hurt (jert) hurt (jert) herir, lastimar, doler
input (ínput) input* (ínput) input* (ínput) entrar, introducir
keep (kíip) kept (kept) kept (kept) mantener, guardar
kneel (níil) knelt* (nelt) knelt* (nelt) arrodillarse
knit (nit) knit* (nit) knit* (nit) tejer, tricotar
know (nóu) knew (niú) known (nóun) saber, conocer
lay (léi) laid (léid) laid (léid) poner, colocar
lead (líid) led (led) led (led) guiar, llevar
lean (líin) leant* (lent) leant* (lent) apoyarse, inclinarse
leap (líip) leapt* (lept) leapt* (lept) saltar
learn (lern) learnt* (lernt) learnt* (lernt) aprender, enterarse
leave (líiv) left (left) left (left) irse, dejar
lend (lend) lent (lent) lent (lent) prestar
let (let) let (let) let (let) dejar, permitir
lie (lái) lay (léi) lain (léin) yacer, echarse
light (láit) lit* (lit) lit* (lit) encender
lose (lúus) lost (lost) lost (lost) perder
make (méik) made (méid) made (méid) hacer
mean (míin) meant (ment) meant (ment) significar
meet (míit) met (met) met (met) encontrarse con
melt (melt) melted (mélted) molten* (móulten) derretir
mislead (mislíid) misled (misléd) misled (misléd) engañar, despistar
mistake (mistéik) mistook (mistúuk) mistaken (mistéiken) confundir
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood entender mal
overhear (ouverjíier) overheard (ouverjérd) overheard (ouverjérd) oír por casualidad
overtake (ouvertéik) overtook (ouvertúuk) overtaken(ouvertéiken) sobrepasar
pay (péi) paid (péid) paid (péid) pagar
prove (prúuv) proved (prúuvt) proven* (prúuven) probar, resultar
put (put) put (put) put (put) poner
quit (kuít) quit (kuít) quit (kuít) abandonar, rendirse
read (ríiid) read (red) read (red) leer
rid (rid) rid* (rid) rid* (rid) librar, desembarazar
ride (ráid) rode (róud) ridden (ríden) andar en, pasear en
ring (ring) rang (raang) rung (rang) sonar, llamar por  TE
rise (ráis) rose (róus) risen (rísen) levantarse, subir
run (ran) ran (raan) run (ran) correr
saw (so) sawed (sod) sawn* (sóon) serrar, serruchar
say (séi) said (sed) said (sed) decir
see (síi) saw (so) seen (síin) ver
seek (síik) sought (sot) sought (sot) buscar
sell (sel) sold (sóuld) sold (sóuld) vender
send (send) sent (sent) sent (sent) enviar
set (set) set (set) set (set) poner, ambientar
sew (sóu) sewed (sóud) sewn* (sóun) coser
shake (shéik) shook (shúuk) shaken (shéiken) sacudir, agitar
shave (shéiv) shaved (shéivt) shaven* (shéiven) afeitarse, rasurar
shed (shed) shed (shed) shed (shed) derramar, mudar
shine (sháin) shone (shóun) shone (shóun) brillar, lustrar
shoot (shúut) shot (shot) shot (shot) disparar
show (shóu) showed (shóud) shown (shóun) mostrar, exhibir
shrink (shrink) shrank (shraank) shrunk (shrank) encoger, reducir/se
shut (shat) shut (shat) shut (shat) cerrar
sing (sing) sang (saang) sung (sang) cantar
sink (sink) sank (saank) sunk (sank) hundir/se
sit (sit) sat (sat) sat (sat) sentar/se
slay (sléi) slew (slúu) slain (sléin) matar
sleep (slíip) slept (slept) slept (slept) dormir
slide (sláid) slid (slid) slid (slíden) deslizar/se
sling (sling) slung (slang) slung (slang) tirar, arrojar
slink (slink) slunk (slank) slunk (slank) escabullirse
slit (slit) slit (slit) slit (slit) rajar, cortar
smell (smel) smelt* (smelt) smelt* (smelt) oler
sneak (sníik) snuck* (snak) snuck* (snak) entrar a hurtadillas
sow (sóu) sowed (sóud) sown (sóun) sembrar
speak (spíik) spoke (spóuk) spoken (spóuken) hablar
speed (spíid) sped* (sped) sped* (sped) acelerar
spell (spél) spelt* (spélt) spelt* (spélt) deletrear
spend (spend) spent (spent) spent (spent) gastar, pasar
spill (spil) spilt* (spilt) spilt* (spilt) derramar, volcar
spin (spin) spun (span) spun (span) girar, dar vueltas
spit (spit) spat (spat) spat (spat) escupir
split (split) split (split) splite (split) partir, rajar, dividir
spoil (spóil) spoilt* (spóilt) spoilt* (spóilt) estropear, arruinar
spread (spred) spread (spred) spread (spred) desplegar, esparcir
spring (spring) sprang (spraang) sprung (sprang) saltar
stand (stáand) stood (stúud) stood (stúud) estar de pie, soportar
steal (stíil) stole (stóul) stolen (stóulen) robar
stick (stik) stuck (stak) stuck (stak) pegar, clavar, 
sting (sting) stung (stang) stung (stang) picar, arder
stink (stink) stank (stáank) stunk (stank) apestar, oler mal
stride (stráid) strode* (stróud) stridden (stríden) andar pasos largos
strike (stráik) struck (strak) struck/stricken(stríken) golpear, (la hora)
string (string) strung (strang) strung (strang) encordar, ensartar, 
strive (stráiv) strove (stróuv) striven (stríven) luchar, esforzarse
swear (suéer) swore (suóor) sworn (suóorn) jurar,  malcedir
sweat (suét) sweat* (suét) sweat* (suét) sudar
sweep (suíip) swept* (suépt) swept* (suépt) barrer, azotar
swell (suél) swelled (suéld) swollen (suólen) hincharse, crecer, 
swim (suím) swam (suáam) swum (suám) nadar
swing (suíng) swung (suáng) swung (suáng) balancear, mecer
take (téik) took (túuk) taken (téiken) tomar, llevar
teach (tíich) taught (tot) taught (tot) enseñar
tear (téer) tore (tóor) torn (tóorn) desgarrar, romper, 
tell (tel) told (tóuld) told (tóuld) decir, contar
think (zink) thought (zot) thought (zot) pensar
throw (zróu) threw (zrú) thrown (zróun) tirar, arrojar
thrust (zrast) thrust (zrast) thrust (zrast) empujar con fuerza, 
tread (tred) trod (trod) trodden (tróden) pisar, andar
undergo (andergóu) underwent(anderwént) undergone(anderwént) sufrir
understand(anderstáand) understood(anderstúud) understood(anderstúud) entender
undertake (andertéik) undertook(andertúuk) undertaken(andertéiken) emprender
upset (apsét) upset (apsét) upset (apsét) enfadar, trastornar
wake (uéik) woke (uóuk) woken (uóuken) despertar
wear (uéer) wore (uóor) worn (uórn) usar, vestir, gastar
weave (uíiv) wove (uóuv) woven (uóuven) tejer
wed (uéd) wed* (uéd) wed* (uéd) casarse
weep (uíip) wept (uépt) wept (uépt) llorar
wet (uét) wet* (uét) wet* (uét) mojar
win (wín) won (wán) won (wán) ganar
wind (wáind) wound (wáund) wound (wáund) dar cuerda, envolver
withdraw (widróo) withdrew (widrú) withdrawn (widróon) retirar, sacar
withhold (widjóuld) withheld (widjéld) withheld (widjéld) retener, ocultar
withstand (widstáand) withstood (widstúud) withstood (widstúud) resistir, aguantar
write (ráit) wrote (róut) written (ríten) escribir

VOCABULARY

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MORE ACADEMIC WORDS

scavenge	escarbar, hurgar
hallmark	sello, distintivo
threshold	umbral, paso

VERBS TO EXPRESS (NO) CHANGE

UP	DOWN	UNCHANGING
escalate	deteriorate	be stable
improve	reduce	remain constant
expand	shrink	retain position
increase	decline	maintain same level
double	diminish	hold firm
jump	slow down
grow	decrease
rise	fall
soar	slump
recover	deepen
rocket	drop
	descend
	dwindle
	suffer
	collapse

RECURRENT ACADEMIC VOCABULARY

accurate	preciso	layer	capa / estrato
achieve	lograr/ alcanzar	lecture	conferencia
acknowledge	reconocer / admitir	link	enlace
acute	agudo	mainstay	pilar
adjacent	adyacente	maintenance	mantenimiento
adjustment	ajuste	major	principal
advocate	defensor	mayhem	tumulto / caos
aid	ayuda	odd	impar / raro / extraño
albeit	aunque	offset	desplazamiento
amendment	enmienda	ongoing	en curso / actual
approach	enfoque	onset	iInicio
assay	ensayo	outcomes	resultados
assert	afirmar	output	salida
assessment	evaluación	overall	general
assumption	supuesto	overlap	superposición
assurance	garantía	overseas	extranjero / en el exterior
attained	alcanzado	partnership	asociación / sociedad
available	disponible	plus	más / a favor / positivo
aware	consciente	policy	política / medida
behalf	nombre	posed	planteado
bias	sesgo	preceding	anterior a
bond	vínculo / lazo	prime	principal / primo (número)
brief	breve	prior	previo
bulk	grueso / peso	procedure	procedimiento
burden	carga	prone to	propenso a
capable	capaz	prospect	perspectiva / panorama
ceases	cesa	pursue	perseguir / luchar por
challenge	desafío	quotation	cita
chart	gráfico	random	aleatorio
commitment	compromiso	range	gama / ámbito / campo
comprehensive	integral	ratio	relación
comprise	comprender	recovery	recuperación
conceived	concebido	reinforced	reforzado
confined	confinado	rejected	rechazado
constraints	restricciones	release	lanzamiento
convey	transmitir / expresar	reliance	dependencia
core	núcleo	reluctant	reacio / renuente
deny	negar	removed	eliminado
derived	derivado	required	obligatorio
design	diseño	research	investigación
device	dispositivo	resources	recursos
displacement	desplazamiento	restore	restaurar
display	mostrar	restraints	restricciones
disposal	eliminación	retained	retenido
domain	dominio	review	examen / reseña
draft	proyecto / borrador	schedule	programación
enable	activar / posibilitar	scope	ámbito de aplicación
encountered	encontrados	several	varios
enforcement	aplicación	shift	cambiar / ceder / turno
enhanced	mejorado	shortcoming	próximo
ensure	asegurar	somewhat	algo / un tanto
environment	medio ambiente	sought	buscado
established	establecido	source	fuente
features	características	straightforward	sencillo / directo
file	archivo	summary	resumen
forthcoming	próxima	survey	encuesta
founded	fundada	survive	sobrevivir
framework	marco	sustainable	sostenible
funds	fondos	target	destino / objetivo
gender	género	task	tarea
goals	objetivos	team	equipo
granted	concedido	theme	tema
guidelines	directrices / pautas	trace	rastro / indicio / señal
hierarchical	jerárquica	trend	tendencia
highlighted	destacado	trigger	desencadenador
income	ingreso	undergo	someterse a / pasar por
index	índice	underlying	subyacente
inferred	inferir	underpin	apuntalar
input	entrada	undertaken	realizado / emprendido
insights	ideas	unified	unificado
involved	involucrados	welfare	bienestar
isolated	aislado	widespread	generalizada / extendida
issues	cuestiones	yield	producir / devengar / dar
label	etiqueta