NOUN PHRASES (frases nominales)

La frase nominal es un conjunto de palabras -dos o más- donde el núcleo es un sustantivo y el resto de las palabras son modificadores (estos modificadores pueden ser adjetivos por excelencia o gerundios, participios y sustantivos actuando como adjetivos)


En inglés los adjetivos se colocan delante del sustantivo y modifican directamente al núcleo (sustantivo) que se posiciona en último lugar de la frase.

ej. 1: antioxidant content (adjetivo + sustantivo) "contenido antioxidante"

ej. 2: plant-based diet (sustantivo + participio + sustantivo) "dieta a base de vegetales"

ej. 3: influencing factors (gerundio + sustantivo) "factores influyentes"

La frase nominal también puede estar modificada indirectamente con preposiciones y sus modificadores:

ej. center of attention "centro de atención"

"center" es el núcleo sustantivo y la preposición "of" lo modifica indirectamente. En estos casos la comprensión se facilita ya que el orden de las palabras se asemeja al del español.

Otra modificación indirecta puede ser la cláusula adjetiva:

ej. diseases which are associated "enfermedades que están asociadas"

DOCTOR

Synonyms and Euphemisms

Physician
Medic (informal)
Clinician
Intern
Resident
General Practitioner (GP)
Medical Practitioner
Health Provider
Health Carer

English Proverbial Expression: "An apple a day keeps the doctor away"

NEGATIVES

NEGATIVE WORDS:

NO, NOT, NEVER, NONE , EVER (emphatic), ANY
Sometimes abbreviated: don't, doesn't, didn't, haven't, won't, can't, etc.

e.g.

NO anaesthesia in this area, please.
The bacteria has NOT been isolated yet
He has NEVER been operated on
NONE of the elderly patients have been vaccinated
Doesn't he EVER work in the morning?

OTHERS:

NOBODY / ANYBODY
NO ONE / ANYONE
NOTHING / ANYTHING
NOWHERE / ANYWHERE

WORDS THAT ACCOMPANY VERBS:

HARDLY
BARELY
SCARCELY
SELDOM
RARELY

CONNECTORS THAT EXPRESS CONTRAST OR OPPOSITION:

HOWEVER
UNLESS
YET
BUT
WHEREAS
WHILE
CONVERSELY
EITHER.... OR....
NEITHER.... NOR...

SUFFIX:

-LESS

e.g. He is receiving a painless treatment

PREFIXES:

un-
in-
im-
il-
ir-
non-
mal-
de-
dis- / dys-
anti-
counter-
mis-
contra-
a-
ab-
an-

PSEUDO NEGATIVES:

LACK (OF) (falta / ausencia de9
DELAY (retrasar)
REJECT (rechazar)
REFUSE (rechazar)
WITHOUT (sin)
DENY (negar)
DOUBT (dudar)
HESITATE (dudar)
PROHIBIT (prohibir)
FORBID (prohibir)
LOSS (pérdida)
RING HOLLOW (suena hueco)
LITTLE QUESTION (poca duda)
FAR-FETCHED (poco probable / tirado de los pelos)

ACADEMIC VOCABULARY

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FALSE FRIENDS or FALSE COGNATES

Click HERE to see a complete list of FALSE FRIENDS

VERBOS MODALES

La importancia de verbos modales!!!

May (poder)

Might (podría)

Can (poder)

Could (podría / pasado del verbo "poder")

Should (debería)

Ought to (debería)

Must (deber)

Must not (prohibir)

Have to (tener que)

Need (necesitar)

Needn't (no necesitar)

Dare (atrever/se)

DISEASE (enfermedad)

Synonyms

sickness
illness
malaise
attack
complaint
infection
disorder
bug (informal)
disability
ailment
affliction
poor health
malady
infirmity
indisposition
condition

PAIN (dolor)

Synonyms:

ache
sore
pang
smart
stitch
throe
twinge
discomfort
hurt (verb) My arm hurts

TYPES OF PAIN

I. Superficial

Abrupt onset, with sharp, prickly quality
Slower onset, with burning quality
More easily localized on the spot

II. Deep -feels deeper, duller, aching; lasts longer; less easily localized

Visceral -caused by spastic contraction of smooth muscle
Referred -pain of a visceral lesion gives the impression of arising distant area
Central -has no peripheral cause, but is potentially caused by injury to nerve trunk; perception of pain lasts after stimulus is gone.

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