Friday, September 30, 2011
Thursday, September 29, 2011
Thursday, September 8, 2011
Have I ever told you that TRADUKKA is the best translator in real time that I have ever experienced?
Sunday, September 4, 2011
Monday, May 23, 2011
NOUN PHRASES (frases nominales)
La frase nominal es un conjunto de palabras -dos o más- donde el núcleo es un sustantivo y el resto de las palabras son modificadores (estos modificadores pueden ser adjetivos por excelencia o gerundios, participios y sustantivos actuando como adjetivos)
En inglés los adjetivos se colocan delante del sustantivo y modifican directamente al núcleo (sustantivo) que se posiciona en último lugar de la frase.
ej. 1: antioxidant content (adjetivo + sustantivo) "contenido antioxidante"
ej. 2: plant-based diet (sustantivo + participio + sustantivo) "dieta a base de vegetales"
ej. 3: influencing factors (gerundio + sustantivo) "factores influyentes"
La frase nominal también puede estar modificada indirectamente con preposiciones y sus modificadores:
ej. center of attention "centro de atención"
En inglés los adjetivos se colocan delante del sustantivo y modifican directamente al núcleo (sustantivo) que se posiciona en último lugar de la frase.
ej. 1: antioxidant content (adjetivo + sustantivo) "contenido antioxidante"
ej. 2: plant-based diet (sustantivo + participio + sustantivo) "dieta a base de vegetales"
ej. 3: influencing factors (gerundio + sustantivo) "factores influyentes"
La frase nominal también puede estar modificada indirectamente con preposiciones y sus modificadores:
ej. center of attention "centro de atención"
"center" es el núcleo sustantivo y la preposición "of" lo modifica indirectamente. En estos casos la comprensión se facilita ya que el orden de las palabras se asemeja al del español.
Otra modificación indirecta puede ser la cláusula adjetiva:
ej. diseases which are associated "enfermedades que están asociadas"
Saturday, May 14, 2011
DOCTOR
Synonyms and Euphemisms
Physician
Medic (informal)
Clinician
Intern
Resident
General Practitioner (GP)
Medical Practitioner
Health Provider
Health Carer
English Proverbial Expression: "An apple a day keeps the doctor away"
Physician
Medic (informal)
Clinician
Intern
Resident
General Practitioner (GP)
Medical Practitioner
Health Provider
Health Carer
English Proverbial Expression: "An apple a day keeps the doctor away"
NEGATIVES
NEGATIVE WORDS:
NO, NOT, NEVER, NONE , EVER (emphatic), ANY
Sometimes abbreviated: don't, doesn't, didn't, haven't, won't, can't, etc.
e.g.
NO anaesthesia in this area, please.
The bacteria has NOT been isolated yet
He has NEVER been operated on
NONE of the elderly patients have been vaccinated
Doesn't he EVER work in the morning?
OTHERS:
NOBODY / ANYBODY
NO ONE / ANYONE
NOTHING / ANYTHING
NOWHERE / ANYWHERE
WORDS THAT ACCOMPANY VERBS:
HARDLY
BARELY
SCARCELY
SELDOM
RARELY
CONNECTORS THAT EXPRESS CONTRAST OR OPPOSITION:
HOWEVER
UNLESS
YET
BUT
WHEREAS
WHILE
CONVERSELY
EITHER.... OR....
NEITHER.... NOR...
SUFFIX:
-LESS
e.g. He is receiving a painless treatment
PREFIXES:
un-
in-
im-
il-
ir-
non-
mal-
de-
dis- / dys-
anti-
counter-
mis-
contra-
a-
ab-
an-
PSEUDO NEGATIVES:
LACK (OF) (falta / ausencia de9
DELAY (retrasar)
REJECT (rechazar)
REFUSE (rechazar)
WITHOUT (sin)
DENY (negar)
DOUBT (dudar)
HESITATE (dudar)
PROHIBIT (prohibir)
FORBID (prohibir)
LOSS (pérdida)
RING HOLLOW (suena hueco)
LITTLE QUESTION (poca duda)
FAR-FETCHED (poco probable / tirado de los pelos)
NO, NOT, NEVER, NONE , EVER (emphatic), ANY
Sometimes abbreviated: don't, doesn't, didn't, haven't, won't, can't, etc.
e.g.
NO anaesthesia in this area, please.
The bacteria has NOT been isolated yet
He has NEVER been operated on
NONE of the elderly patients have been vaccinated
Doesn't he EVER work in the morning?
OTHERS:
NOBODY / ANYBODY
NO ONE / ANYONE
NOTHING / ANYTHING
NOWHERE / ANYWHERE
WORDS THAT ACCOMPANY VERBS:
HARDLY
BARELY
SCARCELY
SELDOM
RARELY
CONNECTORS THAT EXPRESS CONTRAST OR OPPOSITION:
HOWEVER
UNLESS
YET
BUT
WHEREAS
WHILE
CONVERSELY
EITHER.... OR....
NEITHER.... NOR...
SUFFIX:
-LESS
e.g. He is receiving a painless treatment
PREFIXES:
un-
in-
im-
il-
ir-
non-
mal-
de-
dis- / dys-
anti-
counter-
mis-
contra-
a-
ab-
an-
PSEUDO NEGATIVES:
LACK (OF) (falta / ausencia de9
DELAY (retrasar)
REJECT (rechazar)
REFUSE (rechazar)
WITHOUT (sin)
DENY (negar)
DOUBT (dudar)
HESITATE (dudar)
PROHIBIT (prohibir)
FORBID (prohibir)
LOSS (pérdida)
RING HOLLOW (suena hueco)
LITTLE QUESTION (poca duda)
FAR-FETCHED (poco probable / tirado de los pelos)
Sunday, May 8, 2011
Saturday, May 7, 2011
VERBOS MODALES
La importancia de verbos modales!!!
May (poder)
Might (podría)
Can (poder)
Could (podría / pasado del verbo "poder")
Should (debería)
Ought to (debería)
Must (deber)
Must not (prohibir)
Have to (tener que)
Need (necesitar)
Needn't (no necesitar)
Dare (atrever/se)
May (poder)
Might (podría)
Can (poder)
Could (podría / pasado del verbo "poder")
Should (debería)
Ought to (debería)
Must (deber)
Must not (prohibir)
Have to (tener que)
Need (necesitar)
Needn't (no necesitar)
Dare (atrever/se)
Thursday, May 5, 2011
DISEASE (enfermedad)
Synonyms
sickness
illness
malaise
attack
complaint
infection
disorder
bug (informal)
disability
ailment
affliction
poor health
malady
infirmity
indisposition
condition
sickness
illness
malaise
attack
complaint
infection
disorder
bug (informal)
disability
ailment
affliction
poor health
malady
infirmity
indisposition
condition
PAIN (dolor)
Synonyms:
ache
sore
pang
smart
stitch
throe
twinge
discomfort
hurt (verb) My arm hurts
TYPES OF PAIN
I. Superficial
Abrupt onset, with sharp, prickly quality
Slower onset, with burning quality
More easily localized on the spot
II. Deep -feels deeper, duller, aching; lasts longer; less easily localized
Visceral -caused by spastic contraction of smooth muscle
Referred -pain of a visceral lesion gives the impression of arising distant area
Central -has no peripheral cause, but is potentially caused by injury to nerve trunk; perception of pain lasts after stimulus is gone.
ache
sore
pang
smart
stitch
throe
twinge
discomfort
hurt (verb) My arm hurts
TYPES OF PAIN
I. Superficial
Abrupt onset, with sharp, prickly quality
Slower onset, with burning quality
More easily localized on the spot
II. Deep -feels deeper, duller, aching; lasts longer; less easily localized
Visceral -caused by spastic contraction of smooth muscle
Referred -pain of a visceral lesion gives the impression of arising distant area
Central -has no peripheral cause, but is potentially caused by injury to nerve trunk; perception of pain lasts after stimulus is gone.
Saturday, April 30, 2011
PLURAL FORMS
La formación regular de plurales es simple.
Sólo se agrega una "s" al final del sustantivo
ej. Patient (sing.) patients (pl.)
Nurse / nurses
Physician / physicians
Según la terminación de la palabra, a veces se agrega "es"
ej. Brush / brushes
Watch / watches
Class / classes
Box / boxes
Las palabras que terminan en "y" sufren una simple transformación "ies"
Lady / ladies
Baby / babies
Story / stories
Sólo se agrega una "s" al final del sustantivo
ej. Patient (sing.) patients (pl.)
Nurse / nurses
Physician / physicians
Según la terminación de la palabra, a veces se agrega "es"
ej. Brush / brushes
Watch / watches
Class / classes
Box / boxes
Las palabras que terminan en "y" sufren una simple transformación "ies"
Lady / ladies
Baby / babies
Story / stories
Aunque no todas, siempre hay excepciones:
Boy / boys
Toy / toys
Day / days
Las palabras que terminan en sonido "f" sufren la siguiente transformación:
Knife / knives
Wife / wives
Leaf / leaves
Thief / thieves
Shelf / shelves
Existen también los plurales IRREGULARES, es decir aquellos a los que NO se les agrega "s" sino que transforman totalmente o adoptan sufijos del origen del latin o el griego.
Man / men
Woman / women
Child / children
Foot / feet
Tooth / tooth
Goose / geese
Mouse / mice
Louse / lice (piojos)
Bacterium / bacteria
Datum / data
Medium / media
Thesis / theses
Basis / bases
Axis / axes (eje)
Phenomenon / phenomena
Criterion / criteria
Bacillus / bacilli
Nucleus / nuclei
PREFEXIS AND SUFFIXES
PREFIXES
a- atypical
de- dehydrate
dis- discourage
ill- illdefined
mal- malformed
mis- misuse
non- noninvasive
over- overdose
self- selfservice
un- unsuspected
under- underestimate
out- outnumber
im- impossible / imbalance
SUFFIXES
-able/-ible valuable / tangible
-age percentage
-al electrical
-ance maintenance
-ant/-ent resistant / independent
-tion operation
-dom freedom
-ee employee
-ed associated
-en golden
-er painter
-ful careful
-ian politician
-ic workaholic
-ish bluish
-ist urologist
-ity mortality
-less painless
-ly carefully
-ness cleanliness
-th seventh, eighth, etc.
a- atypical
de- dehydrate
dis- discourage
ill- illdefined
mal- malformed
mis- misuse
non- noninvasive
over- overdose
self- selfservice
un- unsuspected
under- underestimate
out- outnumber
im- impossible / imbalance
SUFFIXES
-able/-ible valuable / tangible
-age percentage
-al electrical
-ance maintenance
-ant/-ent resistant / independent
-tion operation
-dom freedom
-ee employee
-ed associated
-en golden
-er painter
-ful careful
-ian politician
-ic workaholic
-ish bluish
-ist urologist
-ity mortality
-less painless
-ly carefully
-ness cleanliness
-th seventh, eighth, etc.
Friday, April 29, 2011
CONNECTORS
§ Agreeing with facts:
In fact
Actually
As a matter of fact
The fact of the matter is that
The truth of the matter is that
In effect
In practice
In theory
Naturally
Of course
§ Reasons and results
Because of this/that
In this/that way
For this reason
Therefore
As a result
Consequently
So
Thus
Due to
Because
Since
As
(Un)fortunately
Owing to
Such... that
So... that
§ Contrast
In contrast to
However
Whereas
But
Still
Yet
On the other hand
On the contrary
But all the same
§ Concession
Though
Although
Albeit
In spite of this
Despite
However
Nevertheless
All the same
Even if
For all that
At any rate
In any case
Anyway
§ Addition (building up an argument)
As well
Not only but also
Moreover
Both...and
and
Firstly / secondly / thirdly ....
In the first place
First of all
To begin/star with
At first (sight)
In the second place
Apart from that
In addition
What’s more
On top of that
Besides
Furthermore
Moreover
Equally important
Worse still
To make matters worse
On the one hand
On the other hand
On the contrary
Last but not least
To crown it all
Finally
Lastly
In conclusion
Worst of all
§ Parallel
On the one hand..... but on the other
The more.... the less...
.....but at the same time....
§ Condition
If
Unless
Provided (that)
As long as
On condition that
Otherwise
§ Reference
With respect to
As regard to
Regarding
As to
As regards
The former
The latter
§ Enumeration
To begin with
Firstly, secondly, etc
Last but not least
....For a start
Eventually
Finally,
Last / lastly
At last
In the end
In the long run
§ Examples
For example
For instance
As an illustration
In particular
Let’s take the case of
Such as
Say
Like
§ Generalizing
On the whole
All in all
By and large
... as they say
§ Clarifying
In other words
That is to say
To clarify (our ideas)
At this point,
Let me be more specific
§ Purpose
In order to
So as to
So as not to
So that
To
For that purpose
§ Feelings
To my surprise
To my disappointment
To my annoyance
§ Summary
In summary
In conclusion
Therefore
Finally
Consequently
Thus
In short
In brief
To sum up
To round off
In short / in brief
On the whole
Summing up
§ Expressing a personal desire / opinion
In my opinion
In my view
From my point of view
Personally
As I see it
As far as I am concerned
§ Pausing for thought (orally)
Well you know
You see
Let me see
I mean
I mean to say
That is to say
In other words
§ Punctuation
Basically
Fundamentally
Essentially
In essence
Certainly
(Un)doubtedly
No doubt
§ Emphasis
Indeed
Truly
Whatsoever
To say the least
Of course
Remarkably
§ Suggestion
For this purpose
To this end
Honestly
Frankly
To be honest
To tell the truth
§ Asserting a point
Needless to say
It goes without saying
As you can imagine
As a matter of fact
Undoubtedly
§ Introducing a subject
You might define.... as....
Broadly (generally) speaking
It is well known that
It is an accepted fact that
§ Introducing an aspect
... but when it comes to (verb -ing)...
As far as... (be) concerned...
As regards
With reference to
With regard to
Concerning
§ Similarity
Similarly
Likewise
In like manners
Equally important
In the same way
§ Comparison
... than...
as... as
as well as
not as / so .... as
the (lower)… the (better)
§ Time
After
Before
As soon as
Hardly... when
No sooner... than
Since, for, till, until, when
Whenever
Suddenly
§ Miscellaneous
By the way
You never know
At least
Rather than
On the grounds that
To me / if you ask me
..., if I may say so, ...
For all I know,...
§ Discourse Markers
Anyway
At least
Naturally
Still
Obviously
Actually
Apparently
All in all, though
By the way
No doubt
No wonder
So to speak
Guess what?
Mind you
Admittedly
To tell you the truth
I mean
Quite honestly
As a matter of fact
As I was saying
Of course
No way
Let alone
In fact
Actually
As a matter of fact
The fact of the matter is that
The truth of the matter is that
In effect
In practice
In theory
Naturally
Of course
§ Reasons and results
Because of this/that
In this/that way
For this reason
Therefore
As a result
Consequently
So
Thus
Due to
Because
Since
As
(Un)fortunately
Owing to
Such... that
So... that
§ Contrast
In contrast to
However
Whereas
But
Still
Yet
On the other hand
On the contrary
But all the same
§ Concession
Though
Although
Albeit
In spite of this
Despite
However
Nevertheless
All the same
Even if
For all that
At any rate
In any case
Anyway
§ Addition (building up an argument)
As well
Not only but also
Moreover
Both...and
and
Firstly / secondly / thirdly ....
In the first place
First of all
To begin/star with
At first (sight)
In the second place
Apart from that
In addition
What’s more
On top of that
Besides
Furthermore
Moreover
Equally important
Worse still
To make matters worse
On the one hand
On the other hand
On the contrary
Last but not least
To crown it all
Finally
Lastly
In conclusion
Worst of all
§ Parallel
On the one hand..... but on the other
The more.... the less...
.....but at the same time....
§ Condition
If
Unless
Provided (that)
As long as
On condition that
Otherwise
§ Reference
With respect to
As regard to
Regarding
As to
As regards
The former
The latter
§ Enumeration
To begin with
Firstly, secondly, etc
Last but not least
....For a start
Eventually
Finally,
Last / lastly
At last
In the end
In the long run
§ Examples
For example
For instance
As an illustration
In particular
Let’s take the case of
Such as
Say
Like
§ Generalizing
On the whole
All in all
By and large
... as they say
§ Clarifying
In other words
That is to say
To clarify (our ideas)
At this point,
Let me be more specific
§ Purpose
In order to
So as to
So as not to
So that
To
For that purpose
§ Feelings
To my surprise
To my disappointment
To my annoyance
§ Summary
In summary
In conclusion
Therefore
Finally
Consequently
Thus
In short
In brief
To sum up
To round off
In short / in brief
On the whole
Summing up
§ Expressing a personal desire / opinion
In my opinion
In my view
From my point of view
Personally
As I see it
As far as I am concerned
§ Pausing for thought (orally)
Well you know
You see
Let me see
I mean
I mean to say
That is to say
In other words
§ Punctuation
Basically
Fundamentally
Essentially
In essence
Certainly
(Un)doubtedly
No doubt
§ Emphasis
Indeed
Truly
Whatsoever
To say the least
Of course
Remarkably
§ Suggestion
For this purpose
To this end
Honestly
Frankly
To be honest
To tell the truth
§ Asserting a point
Needless to say
It goes without saying
As you can imagine
As a matter of fact
Undoubtedly
§ Introducing a subject
You might define.... as....
Broadly (generally) speaking
It is well known that
It is an accepted fact that
§ Introducing an aspect
... but when it comes to (verb -ing)...
As far as... (be) concerned...
As regards
With reference to
With regard to
Concerning
§ Similarity
Similarly
Likewise
In like manners
Equally important
In the same way
§ Comparison
... than...
as... as
as well as
not as / so .... as
the (lower)… the (better)
§ Time
After
Before
As soon as
Hardly... when
No sooner... than
Since, for, till, until, when
Whenever
Suddenly
§ Miscellaneous
By the way
You never know
At least
Rather than
On the grounds that
To me / if you ask me
..., if I may say so, ...
For all I know,...
§ Discourse Markers
Anyway
At least
Naturally
Still
Obviously
Actually
Apparently
All in all, though
By the way
No doubt
No wonder
So to speak
Guess what?
Mind you
Admittedly
To tell you the truth
I mean
Quite honestly
As a matter of fact
As I was saying
Of course
No way
Let alone
Tuesday, April 26, 2011
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